Review finds nicotine e-cigarettes are likely carcinogenic and linked to oral and lung cancer

Why can't researchers say exactly how much vaping raises cancer risk?

The review says e-cigarettes are too new for the kind of decades-long population studies that would measure precise cancer incidence, and many users also smoke, which makes it harder to isolate vaping's independent effect Irish Examiner,Bloomberg Business,ScienceAlert,Age.

What evidence did the review rely on?

The researchers combined several lines of evidence: human biomarker studies, animal experiments, case reports and laboratory or mechanistic studies of vape chemicals and tissue effects IFLScience,Guardian,RNZ,ThePrint.

What kinds of warning signs did researchers identify?

They pointed to changes associated with carcinogenesis, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation and epigenetic changes in oral and respiratory tissues exposed to e-cigarette aerosols EL UNIVERSO,Irish Examiner,Guardian,La Voz de Galicia.